Engineering

Coming next week, Dr. Shini Somara returns to Crash Course for Crash Course Engineering! Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Steve Marshall -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

In our first episode of Crash Course Engineering, Shini explains what engineering is, and gives a brief overview of its four main branches (civil, mechanical, electrical, and chemical) as well as a look at some of the other fields of engineering. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.britannica.com/technology/engineering http://www.dictionary.com/browse/engineer http://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/23915 https://www.britannica.com/technology/military-engineering https://www.britannica.com/technology/civil-engineering https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/mechanical-engineers.htm http://me.columbia.edu/what-mechanical-engineering https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/The-Industrial-Revolution-1750-1900 https://www.livescience.com/44186-who-invented-the-steam-engine.html https://www.britannica.com/technology/steam-engine https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/chemistry-careers/chemical-engineering.html https://www.livescience.com/47499-what-is-engineering.html https://www.livescience.com/48134-what-is-chemical-engineering.html https://www.livescience.com/47702-aerospace-engineering.html https://www.livescience.com/47749-nuclear-engineering.html https://www.livescience.com/48001-biomedical-engineering.html http://time.com/money/4920319/the-1-college-major-that-will-earn-you-the-most-right-out-of-college/ https://www.forbes.com/sites/karstenstrauss/2017/06/28/college-degrees-with-the-highest-and-lowest-starting-salaries-in-2017/#4a0837cb2343 “The Story of Engineering” by James Kip Finch. Anchor Books, 1960. *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Steve Marshall -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

We’re beginning our engineering journey with a tour through the major branches. Today Shini explains the facets of civil engineering, including structural and construction engineering, city planning, transportation, and sanitation. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.engineering.com/DesignerEdge/DesignerEdgeArticles/ArticleID/14451/Who-was-the-First-Engineer.aspx https://www.britannica.com/biography/Imhotep https://www.livescience.com/23050-step-pyramid-djoser.html http://www.thecivilengg.com/History.php https://www.britannica.com/technology/aqueduct-engineering https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/2151 http://www.museumofthecity.org/project/hippodamus-and-early-planned-cities/ http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.2.two.html https://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Engineering/ http://www.history.com/news/the-secrets-of-ancient-roman-concrete https://www.nachi.org/history-of-concrete.htm https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Smeaton http://www.history.co.uk/biographies/joseph-bazalgette https://www.schnabel-eng.com/services/dam-engineering/ https://usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/powerfaq.html *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Steve Marshall -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Today we continue our tour through the major fields of engineering with a look at mechanical engineering, beginning with the steam engine. We’ll discuss aircraft, the development of aerospace engineering, and take a look into the future of robotics and biomechanics. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: http://me.columbia.edu/what-mechanical-engineering http://www.mtu.edu/mechanical/engineering/ https://www.me.washington.edu/prospective/whatisme http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/discovering/famous/thomas_newcomen.shtml https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Newcomen https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/james-watt https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Stephenson http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/victorian_technology_01.shtml https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/09/these-are-the-world-s-fastest-trains/ https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/1903-wright-flyer https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frank-Whittle http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/whittle_frank.shtml https://alum.mit.edu/slice/why-hasnt-commercial-air-travel-gotten-any-faster-1960s https://education.jsc.nasa.gov/explorers/p4.html https://www.livescience.com/32655-whats-the-fastest-spacecraft-ever.html https://www.robotics.org/blog-article.cfm/The-History-of-Robotics-in-the-Automotive-Industry/24 http://www.da-vinci-inventions.com/robotic-knight.aspx https://www.robotics.org/joseph-engelberger/unimate.cfm https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-C-Devol https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/08/unimate-the-story-of-george-devol-and-the-first-robotic-arm/243716/ https://ehistory.osu.edu/exhibitions/machinery/index http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/research/exoskeleton/bleex/ http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/ http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/research/exoskeleton/medical-exoskeleton/ https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/engines.html https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/scribd/?title_id=4243&filepath=/files/docs/publications/bls/bls_0758_1943.pdf https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/whittle-w1x-turbojet-engine *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Steve Marshall -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Next stop on our tour of engineering’s major fields: electrical engineering. In this episode we’ll explore the history of telecommunications, electric power and lighting, and computers. We’ll introduce topics like magnetism, electrical conduction, telegraphy, lighting, and computers. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Gilbert http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/gilbert_william.shtml http://www.sparkmuseum.com/BOOK_GRAY.HTM http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/es154/lectures/lecture_2/lecture_2.html https://www.britannica.com/biography/Claude-Chappe http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/papers/Early_History_of_Data_Networks/Chapter_2.pdf https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Fothergill-Cooke http://ethw.org/William_Fothergill_Cooke https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/first-electric-telegraph/ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-transatlantic-telegraph-cable-completed https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-F-B-Morse https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Graham-Bell https://www.britannica.com/biography/Heinrich-Hertz https://www.livescience.com/45641-science-of-world-war-i-communications.html https://definitions.uslegal.com/r/radio-act-of-1912/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zenobe-Theophile-Gramme http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/thomas-edison http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/what-was-the-war-of-the-currents http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/marcian-hoff/ http://www.pbs.org/transistor/album1/addlbios/hoff.html http://www.intel4004.com/ https://www.wired.com/2009/12/1223shockley-bardeen-brattain-transistor/ https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/invention-of-the-pc *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Today we’ll cover the fourth and final of our core disciplines of engineering: chemical engineering. We’ll talk about its history and evolution going from soda ash competitions to oil refineries and renewable energies. We’ll also discuss some newer and emerging fields like biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Kr-Ma/Leblanc-Nicolas.html https://www.keionline.org/book/prizes-lots-of-them https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/george-e-davis http://www.world-petroleum.org/edu/223-how-is-crude-oil-turned-into-finished-products- https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-gasoline-1991845 https://www.britannica.com/technology/cracking-chemical-process https://www.britannica.com/technology/petroleum-refining/Polymerization-and-alkylation https://www.britannica.com/technology/chemical-engineering#ref257602 https://www.allaboutcareers.com/careers/career-path/biotechnology-engineering https://www.myklassroom.com/Engineering-branches/20/Bio-Technology https://www.impossiblefoods.com/burger/ https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=biomass_home “Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering” by David Mautner Himmelblau, James B. Riggs *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

We’ve discussed the four main branches of engineering but there are so many other fields doing important work, so today we’re going to explore a few of them. In this episode we’ll explore some of the history and fundamentals of industrial engineering, biomedical engineering, and bioengineering. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.livescience.com/47702-aerospace-engineering.html https://www.egr.msu.edu/undergraduate/academics/programs/aesjob http://educatingengineers.com/degrees/applied-engineering https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/industrial-engineers.htm http://mime.oregonstate.edu/what-do-industrial-engineers-do https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/lights-out-manufacturing/ https://www.automationworld.com/article/technologies/robotics/turning-out-lights-factory-floor https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-W-Taylor http://www.mtu.edu/biomedical/department/what-is/ https://www.britannica.com/technology/bioengineering https://www.livescience.com/59581-ancient-prosthetic-toe-found-in-egyptian-grave.html https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/study-reveals-secrets-ancient-cairo-toe-180963783/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Laennec https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1570491/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelm-Rontgen https://www.seas.upenn.edu/about-seas/history.php https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2962861/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4537472/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014296121301569X *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Today Shini explains the law of conservation, beginning with simple, steady-state systems. We’ll discuss conversion and yield, accumulation, and how generation and consumption can affect how much accumulation there is in a system. This episode is sponsored by CuriosityStream: http://curiositystream.com/crashcourse Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: http://www.keenovens.com/articles/steel-furnance.htm http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Stainless-Steel.html https://www.nps.gov/stli/faqs.htm https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/places_restoring.htm https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-doesnt-stainless-stee/ https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/why-do-some-things-rust https://www.engineersedge.com/thermodynamics/steady_state.htm https://www.britannica.com/science/conservation-law http://www.keenovens.com/articles/steel-furnance.htm http://discoverykids.com/articles/how-is-steel-made-from-iron/ https://www.britannica.com/technology/steel/History http://www.explainthatstuff.com/ironsteel.html https://agt.si.edu/cultural_history/turkey/bronze-iron_tr.html https://www.britannica.com/technology/Bessemer-process https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Bessemer https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Chemical_Engineering_Processes/Steady_state_energy_balance https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Chemical_Engineering_Processes https://www.foodnavigator-asia.com/Article/2012/05/02/China-halts-production-at-chlorine-contamination-Coca-Cola-bottling-plant# http://www.industryweek.com/companies-amp-executives/china-shuts-down-coca-cola-plant-after-chlorine-reports *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

How do we design the most efficient machines and processes? Today we’ll try to figure that out as we discuss heat & work, reversibility & irreversibility, and how to use efficiency to measure a system. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: http://leadfootengineering.com/pistons-101 http://www.dictionary.com/browse/piston https://x-engineer.org/automotive-engineering/internal-combustion-engines/ice-components-systems/internal-combustion-engine-piston/ https://www.britannica.com/technology/piston-and-cylinder https://www.brighthubengineering.com/thermodynamics/4616-what-are-reversible-and-irreversible-processes/ http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node51.html http://vle.du.ac.in/mod/book/view.php?id=6225&chapterid=6991 http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~dmckwski/engr2010/availability2b.pdf https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/engines.html *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Erika & Alexa Saur Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

In today’s episode we’ll explore thermodynamics and some of the ways it shows up in our daily lives. We’ll learn the zeroth law of thermodynamics, what it means to reach a thermal equilibrium, and define the first law of thermodynamics. We’ll also explore how stationary, adiabatic, and isochoric processes can make our lives as engineers a little easier. Note: Different branches of engineering sometimes define the first law of thermodynamics differently, depending on how work is defined. Essentially, work released from a system might be defined as a positive value or a negative value, and thus the first law can be defined as either Q-W or Q+W. Both are acceptable forms, depending on how the system is defined! We chose to focus on only one definition here to limit the confusion. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: Çengel, Yunus A., and Michael A. Boles. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 8th ed., McGraw-Hill Education. http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node15.html https://www.livescience.com/50776-thermodynamics.html https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermochemistry/a/endothermic-vs-exothermic-reactions https://www.wired.com/2014/12/whats-inside-hot-hands/ http://www.chemistryislife.com/the-chemistry-of-hand-warmer http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/thereq.html https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo0.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/firlaw.html http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Kinetic-Energy http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Potential-Energy https://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2014/01/the_physics_of_getting_punched_in_the_face.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/inteng.html https://www.britannica.com/science/internal-energy https://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/isochoric-process-isometric-process/ https://www.britannica.com/science/enthalpy http://pillars.che.pitt.edu/student/slide.cgi?course_id=12&slide_id=35.0 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/the-first-law-of-thermodynamics/ https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics http://www.ftexploring.com/energy/first-law_p2.html https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Erika & Alexa Saur Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

We’ve introduced the 0th and 1st laws of thermodynamics, so now it’s time to move on to the second law and how we came to understand it. We’ll explain the differences between the first and second law, and we’ll talk about the Carnot cycle and why we can never design a perfectly efficient engine. This episode is sponsored by CuriosityStream: http://curiositystream.com/crashcourse Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: http://www.thedrive.com/tech/18919/toyota-develops-worlds-most-thermally-efficient-2-0-liter-engine https://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/powertrain2018/engine/ https://www.gepower.com/content/dam/gepower-pgdp/global/en_US/documents/product/gas%20turbines/Fact%20Sheet/7ha-fact-sheet-oct15.pdf http://www.gasturbineworld.com/ge-7ha.html https://www.livescience.com/50941-second-law-thermodynamics.html https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics http://www.zo.utexas.edu/courses/thoc/Thermodynamics.html http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_tech/node80.html https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sadi-Carnot-French-scientist https://www.britannica.com/science/Carnot-cycle http://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Thermal_efficiency https://www.britannica.com/science/entropy-physics Çengel, Yunus A., and Michael A. Boles. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 8th ed., McGraw-Hill Education. *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Erika & Alexa Saur Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Cycles are a big deal in engineering. Today we’ll explain what they are and how they’re used in heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps. We’ll also discuss phase diagrams and the power of using renewable energy resources Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: Çengel, Yunus A., and Michael A. Boles. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 8th ed., McGraw-Hill Education. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heaeng.html https://www.livescience.com/57797-refrigerator-history.html https://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/cycles_general.html https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cycle http://www.historyofrefrigeration.com/refrigeration-invention/jacob-perkins/ https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/manufacturing-processing/jacob-perkins http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch14/phase.php https://practicalaction.org/zeer-pot-fridge https://gizmodo.com/5935104/how-to-make-an-electricity-free-refrigerator https://www.nwwindandsolar.com/solar-power-in-seattle-and-the-northwest/how-do-solar-systems-produce-energy/ https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-does-solar-power-work/ http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/thermo/design-library/refrig/refrig.html http://professorglobal.cbpf.br/MathMatters/AirCondioning.html *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Erika & Alexa Saur Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Today we’re talking all about fluid mechanics! We’ll look at different scales that we work with as engineers, mass and energy transfers, the no-slip condition, stress and strain, Newton’s law of viscosity, Reynold’s number, and more! Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.howacarworks.com/technology/car-aerodynamics http://www.automobilemag.com/news/benefits-of-aerodynamics/ http://www.engineeringarchives.com/les_fm_noslip.html https://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336L/Fluid/node110.html https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Mechanical/StressStrain.htm https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/stress-strain-d_950.html https://www.britannica.com/science/fluid-mechanics https://www.britannica.com/science/viscosity#ref166126 http://www.mne.psu.edu/cimbala/Learning/Fluid/Introductory/what_is_fluid_mechanics.htm https://mechaengineerings.wordpress.com/2015/05/25/viscosity/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Osborne-Reynolds https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/BGH/reynolds.html http://www.uotechnology.edu.iq/dep-building/LECTURE/dams%20and%20water/first_class/Lect.No.8-pdf.pdf https://www.princeton.edu/~gasdyn/Research/T-C_Research_Folder/Viscosity_def.html https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/laminar-transitional-turbulent-flow-d_577.html https://www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/cub_bernoulli_lesson01_activity1 https://sciencestruck.com/what-is-reynolds-number-what-are-its-applications https://www.princeton.edu/~asmits/Bicycle_web/transition.html *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court. Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Today we’ll dive further into fluid flow and how we can use equipment to apply our skills. We explain Bernoulli’s Principle and the relationship between speed and pressure in certain flowing fluids. We’ll also discuss how to apply the principle with Bernoulli’s Equation and try to use it in real-world examples. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Bernoulli https://www.britannica.com/science/Bernoullis-theorem https://www.aaas.org/blog/scientia/bernoulli-succeeded-despite-paternal-rivalry http://www.intellectualventureslab.com/invent/scientists-in-history-daniel-bernoulli https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/a/what-is-bernoullis-equation http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pber.html http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_tech/node68.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/press.html#fke https://www.princeton.edu/~asmits/Bicycle_web/Bernoulli.html https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/mechanical-energy-equation-d_614.html https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/physics/physics/bernoullis-principle https://www.dultmeier.com/technical-library/how-does-a-centrifugal-pump-work.php *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court. Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Today we’re talking about heat transfer and the different mechanisms behind it. We’ll explore conduction, the thermal conductivity of materials, convection, boundary layers, and radiation. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo1.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/firlaw.html http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/light_lessons/thermal/transfer.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heatra.html https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/beat-the-heat/en/ http://www.weather.gov/jetstream/heat https://physics.info/conduction/ https://physics.info/convection/ https://physics.info/radiation/ http://thermopedia.com/content/781/ Çengel, Yunus A., and Michael A. Boles. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 8th ed., McGraw-Hill Education. *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court. Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Today we’re going to explain how exchangers...exchange heat. We’ll look at concentric tubes, finned tubes, plate heat exchangers, and shell-and-tube heat exchangers. And we’ll look at some equations to help us sort through heat transfer and decide what heat exchangers are best suited for our designs. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.northeastern.edu/landherr/stem-comics/science-comic-heat-exchangers/ https://www.britannica.com/technology/heat-exchanger http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2012/03/finned-tube-heat-exchangers/ https://www.maxxtec.com/en/product/automatisch-aus-titel-generieren/heat-exchanger/finned-tube-heat-exchanger-maxxtec https://www.wcrhx.com/plate-heat-exchangers http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1121/ https://www.britannica.com/science/heat-capacity http://www.lytron.com/Tools-and-Technical-Reference/Application-Notes/What-is-a-Heat-Exchanger http://www.sprawls.org/ppmi2/XRAYHEAT/ http://capstone.byu.edu/previous-projects/test-station-x-ray-heat-exchanger Çengel, Yunus A., and Michael A. Boles. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 8th ed., McGraw-Hill Education. *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court. Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Today we’re talking about mass transfer. It doesn’t just apply to objects and fluids as a whole, but also to the individual molecules and components that make them up. We’ll see that transfers of mass need their own driving force, discuss diffusion, and use Fick’s Law to help us model mass transfer. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.comsol.com/multiphysics/what-is-mass-transfer http://www.thermopedia.com/content/940/ https://www.britannica.com/science/chemical-equilibrium http://www.thermopedia.com/content/627/ https://www.britannica.com/science/fugacity https://www.britannica.com/science/solution-chemistry#ref141855 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/diffus.html https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kz9ajgRYMG4plCVZbhZubvpY2-zEz2tDMH59uRISRjg/edit https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/oral-insulin https://www.britannica.com/science/principles-of-physical-science/Concepts-fundamental-to-the-attitudes-and-methods-of-physical-science#ref366362 https://www.slideshare.net/arijabuhaniyeh/diffusion-physical-pharmacy *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court. Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

It can be really important to separate out chemicals for all kinds of reasons. Today we’re going over three different processes engineers use to achieve that separation: distillation, which separates substances based on their different boiling points; liquid-liquid extraction, which uses differences in solubility to transfer a contaminant into a solvent; and reverse osmosis, which filters molecules from a solvent by pressurizing it through a semipermeable barrier. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/29/science/q-a-salt-water-and-fresh.html https://www.grida.no/resources/5808 https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/67/12/1026/4605229 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/ethanol https://www.britannica.com/science/distillation http://www.srsengineering.com/our-products/distillation-columns/how-columns-work/ http://www.wermac.org/equipment/distillation_part2.html https://www.aiche.org/resources/publications/cep/2015/november/design-principles-liquid-liquid-extraction https://puretecwater.com/reverse-osmosis/what-is-reverse-osmosis#understanding-reverse-osmosis https://www.veoliawatertechnologies.co.uk/technologies/reverse-osmosis http://www.toraywater.com/knowledge/kno_001_01.html https://www.pureaqua.com/reverse-osmosis-water-treatment-in-saudi-arabia/ https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2051-separating-out-foods-into-component-molecules https://www.explainthatstuff.com/chromatography.html *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Today we’re going to start thinking about materials that are used in engineering. We’ll look at mechanical properties of materials, stress-strain diagrams, elasticity and toughness, and describe other material properties like hardness, creep strength, and fatigue strength. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: http://writing.engr.psu.edu/uer/bassett.html http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/stone-tools https://www.nasa.gov/topics/technology/features/aerogels.html https://www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk/learn/applications/ https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Mechanical/StressStrain.htm https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6052 http://ispatguru.com/material-hardness-and-hardness-testing/ https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Mechanical/Toughness.htm https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=U6wX-3C8ygcC&pg=PA1&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/faq-what-is-charpy-testing/ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fatigue%20strength *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Today we’ll explore more about two of the three main types of materials that we use as engineers: metals and ceramics. We’ll discuss properties of metals, alloys, ceramics, clay, cement, and glass-ceramic materials. We’ll also look at the applications of our materials with microelectromechanical systems and accelerometers. Correction: aluminum oxide is not rust; rust refers only to iron oxide. Aluminum does corrode and the process by which it corrodes has been referred to as 'rusting', even if it is technically not rusting unless the material is iron or steel. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/metal.htm https://www.britannica.com/science/metal-chemistry https://www.thebalance.com/ductility-metallurgy-4019295 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/malleability-and-ductility-of-metal/ https://www.alacero.org/en/page/el-acero/what-is-steel https://www.britannica.com/technology/stainless-steel https://www.britannica.com/science/metallic-bond https://www.accessscience.com/content/free-electron-theory-of-metals/271210 http://www.reliance-foundry.com/blog/cast-iron-vs-cast-steel#gref http://www.mse.umd.edu/whatismse/ceramics https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/glass-ceramics https://www.brighthubengineering.com/manufacturing-technology/56841-what-are-ceramic-materials-and-their-uses/ https://www.murata.com/en-us/about/rd/stone/dielectric http://lowcarboneconomy.cembureau.eu/index.php?page=where-is-cement-used https://happytoothnc.com/ceramic-braces-vs-traditional/ *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

We’re continuing our look at engineering materials with third main type of material that you’ll encounter as an engineer: polymers. They’re made of long, repeating chains of smaller molecules known as monomers and today we’ll explore their strange history of polymers and the things that contributed to how we use them today. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV Check out Hot Mess: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsaEBhRsI6tmmz12fkSEYdw *** RESOURCES: http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2004/12/how_high_can_a_fire_hose_shoot.html https://www.britannica.com/science/polymer http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/basics.htm https://www.livescience.com/60682-polymers.html https://www.britannica.com/science/copolymer https://www.britannica.com/science/elastomer https://www.cmu.edu/gelfand/education/k12-teachers/polymers/natural-synthetic-polymers/ http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/xlink.htm https://www.britannica.com/technology/vulcanization https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/06/100628-science-ancient-maya-aztec-rubber-balls-beheaded/ https://www.britannica.com/science/polyvinyl-acetate https://sciencebob.com/make-your-own-bouncy-ball/ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/once-upon-time-exploding-billiard-balls-were-everyday-thing-180962751/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hermann-Staudinger https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/05/ghost-army-the-inflatable-tanks-that-fooled-hitler/276137/ https://www.britannica.com/science/polyethylene-terephthalate https://physics.aps.org/articles/v11/29 *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Today, we'll explore the materials electrical engineers work with. We'll look at high-conductors, insulators, and how low-conductivity conductors can be used to generate light and heat. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV PBS Space Time: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g *** RESOURCES: https://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/ben-franklin-furry-situation/ https://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/woppos.html https://www.electrical4u.com/high-resistivity-or-low-conductivity-conducting-material/ https://www.performancewire.com/insulated-wire-protection/ https://sciencing.com/printed-circuit-boards-used-5031475.html https://www.livescience.com/38997-facts-about-tungsten.html https://www.celticgold.eu/en/gold-university/fake-gold-bars.html http://megaanswers.com/why-does-the-filament-of-a-bulb-burn-out-when-exposed-to-atmosphere/ https://www.radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/physics/x-ray_physics_production#top_1st_img *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Today we’re looking at silicon, and how introducing small amounts of other elements allow silicon layers to conduct currents, turning them into semiconductors. We’ll explore how putting two different types – N and P semiconductors – together gives us electrical components like diodes, transistors, and solar cells. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV Check out Reactions: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdJ9oJ2GUF8Vmb-G63ldGWg *** RESOURCES: https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/ https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1972/ https://www.explainthatstuff.com/howtransistorswork.html https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/past-issues/archive-2013-2014/how-a-solar-cell-works.html http://butane.chem.uiuc.edu/pshapley/Environmental/L9/2.html *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Just how small are nanomaterials? And what can we do with stuff that small? Today we’ll discuss some special properties of nanomaterials, how some can change at different sizes, and the difference between engineered nanomaterials and ones that occur naturally. We’ll also talk about some of the future research that’s needed on the use of nanomaterials. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV Check out Deep Look: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-3SbfTPJsL8fJAPKiVqBLg *** RESOURCES: http://www.safenano.org/knowledgebase/resources/faqs/what-is-a-nanomaterial/ https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/sya-nano/index.cfm https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/nanomaterials/en/l-2/1.htm https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/seeing-nano https://www.britannica.com/technology/nanotechnology http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/materials-and-applications/nanomaterials.html https://www.britannica.com/technology/scanning-tunneling-microscope http://www.hwnanomaterial.com/nanomaterials_n63 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2016/4964828/ https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special https://www.zdnet.com/article/nanotechnology-to-end-insulin-injections-for-diabetics/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4240321/ http://news.mit.edu/2014/solid-nanoparticles-deform-like-liquid-1012 https://www.nanoscience.com/applications/education/overview/cnt-technology-overview/ http://www.understandingnano.com/nanotubes-carbon.html http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2016/10/06/smallest-transistor-1-nm-gate/ https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2016/10/6/13187820/one-nanometer-transistor-berkeley-lab-moores-law *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Mark Brouwer, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

We’ve talked about different materials engineers use to build things in the world, but there’s a special category of materials they turn to when building things to go inside our bodies. In this episode we’ll explore the world biomaterials like titanium and their coatings, the special chemistry of polyurethane, and the cross-linked structure of hydrogels. We’ll also look at the importance of safety & research, as well as the enormous future potential of biomaterials. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.nibib.nih.gov/science-education/science-topics/biomaterials https://mse.osu.edu/research/biomaterials https://www.nature.com/subjects/biomaterials http://www.medibrane.com/bio-absorbable-implants/ http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/7906/7906sci2.html https://www.spine-health.com/glossary/biocompatibility https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123213000969 http://www.jbiomeds.com/biomedical-sciences/history-and-applications-of-hydrogels.php?aid=7218 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10973-016-5329-6 http://fortune.com/2012/09/18/bad-to-the-bone-a-medical-horror-story/ https://ame.nd.edu/research/faculty-research-labs/rroeder/classes/ame-50571/fortunesynthes.pdf http://cornellsun.com/2010/09/21/the-scientist-david-putnam/ https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1520 https://www.omicsonline.org/scholarly/bio-inert-materials-journals-articles-ppts-list.php https://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/42056 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-306-48584-8_7 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0945053X14000511 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20623672 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26894870 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139820/ http://file.scirp.org/Html/2-1430795_51883.htm *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Engineering, like life, could really use a lot more cheese. This week we are looking at a cheese factory in Toronto and what it can teach us about process control systems. We’ll explore feedforward and feedback systems, and see how integrating them both with the final check of cascade control creates a system made to handle uncertainty the world throws its way. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV Global Weirding with Katharine Hayhoe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCi6RkdaEqgRVKi3AzidF4ow *** RESOURCES: https://www.improbable.com/2018/01/10/the-100th-birthday-of-murphy-the-murphy-of-murphys-law/ http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/trek/4wd/crasht.htm http://www.proflow.ca/case-studies/process-control-misapplication.html https://www.explainthatstuff.com/howtoiletswork.html https://www.marineinsight.com/tech/heat-exchangers-on-ship-explained/ https://www.controleng.com/single-article/applying-heat-exchanger-control-strategies/81538b26c934f76ca70fde5d7b2181f6.html *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

What if you were on a high floor of a skyscraper and the building started swaying? Today we’ll explore statics and dynamics, and what they mean for the structures we design. We look at the idea of static equilibrium, forces, and torques, and how free body diagrams can help us make sense of it all. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV Check out Physics Girl: https://www.youtube.com/physicsgirl *** RESOURCES: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1995/05/29/the-fifty-nine-story-crisis *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

We’ve talked about many important concepts for engineers, but today we’re going to discuss a hugely important one that you might not even realize is an engineering concept: ethics. We’ll talk about what a Code of Ethics is. We’ll explore engineering ethics and the ethical theories of utilitarianism, rights ethics, and duty ethics. We’ll also take a look at a few different real life examples of ethical problems in engineering. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV Check out Origin of Everything: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiB8h9jD2Mlxx96ZFnGDSJw *** RESOURCES: http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/intro_1.shtml https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethic https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code-ethics https://www.asce.org/question-of-ethics-articles/aug-2011/ https://www.asce.org/question-of-ethics-articles/jan-2007/ http://www.asce.org/code-of-ethics/ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/ https://onlinemasters.ohio.edu/blog/ultimate-guide-to-engineering-ethics/’ https://www.raeng.org.uk/policy/engineering-ethics/ethics https://interestingengineering.com/understanding-hyatt-regency-walkway-collapse *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Jennifer French Lee, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

This episode is supported by CuriosityStream http://www.curiositystream.com/crashcourse As engineer, sometimes lives will be in your hands, so this week we’re exploring safety and its impact on engineering. We’ll discuss the difference between occupational safety and public safety and how to analyze and review a process for any potential dangers with things like HAZOP. We’ll learn the dangers of having too *many* alarms and look at how important it is to adopt a good mindset of safety culture. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.britannica.com/technology/safety-engineering https://www.britannica.com/topic/safety-condition https://www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/usu_safety_activity1 http://www.higieneocupacional.com.br/download/hazop.pdf https://www.britannica.com/technology/nuclear-reactor/Liquid-metal-reactors#ref155230 https://www.manufacturing.net/article/2018/07/global-approach-factory-safety http://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragtech/casetexaco94.htm https://www.icheme.org/~/media/Documents/Subject%20Groups/Safety_Loss_Prevention/HSE%20Accident%20Reports/The%20Explosion%20and%20Fires%20at%20the%20Texaco%20Refinery%20Milford%20Haven.pdf https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/working-conditions-factories-issue https://www.history.com/topics/triangle-shirtwaist-fire https://www.iaea.org/topics/nuclear-power-plant-safety https://www.nei.org/fundamentals/safety http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/chernobyl-accident.aspx https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/chernobyl-bg.html https://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/emerg-preparedness.html http://nuclearconnect.org/know-nuclear/talking-nuclear/reactor-safety *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Jennifer French Lee, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

This episode is supported by CuriosityStream http://www.curiositystream.com/crashcourse A lot of work goes into managing our impact on the environment and its impact on us. That work is the work of environmental engineers. In this episode we’ll explore water quality, air quality, noise pollution, waste management, and more. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV Hot Mess: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsaEBhRsI6tmmz12fkSEYdw *** RESOURCES: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/environmental-engineers.htm https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/20/465545378/lead-laced-water-in-flint-a-step-by-step-look-at-the-makings-of-a-crisis https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/24/us/flint-michigan-water.html https://www.cityofflint.com/state-of-emergency/ http://www2.ku.edu/~kuwpaper/2017Papers/201703.pdf https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/09/21/flints-lead-poisoned-water-had-a-horrifyingly-large-effect-on-fetal-deaths-study-finds/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.52a9a486ecd5 https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/04/us/flint-water-crisis-fast-facts/index.html https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=34&po=10 https://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water-education2/710-oxygen-water.htm https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.cornell.edu/dist/3/1009/files/2015/05/Water-Quality-Parameters-Sean-McGlynn1.pdf https://www.watersystemscouncil.org/download/wellcare_information_sheets/potential_groundwater_contaminant_information_sheets/9709284pH_Update_September_2007.pdf http://omp.gso.uri.edu/ompweb/doee/science/physical/chsal2.htm https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/soil/salinity/impacts https://www.ehs.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/lines-of-services/hazardous-materials/chemicalstoragebooklet.pdf https://blink.ucsd.edu/safety/research-lab/hazardous-waste/chemical.html#Select-compatible-containers https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm http://rccostello.com/wordpress/distillation/distillation-part-1-packed-towers-vs-tray-plate-towers/ https://asm-air.com/airconditioning/electrostatic-air-filters-work-pros-cons/ https://www.epa.gov/recycle/recycling-basics https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es9710870?journalCode=esthag https://extension.psu.edu/corrosive-water-problems http://www.aqua-sierra.com/causes-of-low-dissolved-oxygen-and-impact-to-fish/ http://omp.gso.uri.edu/ompweb/doee/science/physical/choxy1.htm http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/Pages/SeparationsChemical/Absorbers/Absorbers.html *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Jennifer French Lee, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

This week we are looking at renewable energy sources and why we need them. We’ll explore hydropower, wind, geothermal, and solar power, as well as some of the challenges, and how engineers are working to make their use more widespread. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: http://www.energyenvoys.org.uk/sites/default/files/Non-renewable%20and%20renewable%20resources_0.pdf https://whatsyourimpact.org/greenhouse-gases/carbon-dioxide-emissions https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/hydropower/tech.html https://www.iea.org/topics/renewables/hydropower/ https://twitter.com/nationalgriduk/status/1014255303175626754 http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/9082.aspx *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

This week we are exploring alternative energy sources. We'll look at how biomass can be burned as a fuel source, how hydrogen can be used in a fuel cell to generate electrical power, and how nuclear fission provides power to the grid. We'll also discuss how nuclear fusion might someday do the same without any radioactive waste. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-waste-disposal.htm https://www.livescience.com/39961-chernobyl.html *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

There are batteries powering so many parts of our everyday lives, so today we’re going to talk about how they work and how we can make them better. We’ll explain how they provide power by discharging ions between a cathode and an anode, and how reversing that process gives us a way of charging them. We’ll also look at how that batteries deliver voltage differently over time, leading to discharge curves, and some of the work being done to improve the properties of batteries for portable electronics. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://engineering.mit.edu/engage/ask-an-engineer/how-does-a-battery-work/ http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/power/2-how-do-batteries-work.html https://www.explainthatstuff.com/batteries.html https://web.mst.edu/~gbert/BATTERY/battery.html https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-batteries-store-an/ https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/science-news/swallowable-sensors-sustain-power-stomach-acid https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/archive/understanding_lithium_ion *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

In this episode we looked at robots and the engineering principles of robots. We learned how robots use sensors to interpret their environment, how actuators and effectors allow a robot to manipulate the objects around it to accomplish a task, and how computers coordinate the efforts of the two. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.wired.com/story/what-is-a-robot/ https://www.superdroidrobots.com/shop/custom.aspx/mining-robots/65/ https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/new-robot-surgeon-sews-up-pig-intestines http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/8/337/337ra64 https://www.motoman.com/robotic-welding https://blog.robotiq.com/bid/72927/What-is-Included-in-Robotic-Welding-Systems https://www.cnet.com/news/be-afraid-darpa-unveils-terminator-like-atlas-robot/ https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/01/23/atlas_unplugged_darpas_unterminator_robot_cuts_the_power_cable/ https://www.intorobotics.com/fruit-harvesting-robots/ https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/16/object-detection-api/?guccounter=1 http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~sklar/teaching/boston-college/s01/mc375/mc375-effectors.pdf https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05093-1 https://www.universal-robots.com/industries/automotive-and-subcontractors/ *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

This week we’re exploring aerospace engineering and its two main fields: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. We’ll explore life & buoyancy, propulsion systems, and the challenges of managing the human body in space. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV PBS Space Time: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g *** RESOURCES: https://www.history.com/topics/space-race https://www.spacex.com/mars https://www.princeton.edu/~asmits/Bicycle_web/Bernoulli.html https://www.livescience.com/47702-aerospace-engineering.html https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/aerospace-engineers.htm https://www.real-world-physics-problems.com/hot-air-balloon-physics.html https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/bgp.html https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857090744500120 https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-microgravity-58.html https://www.nasa.gov/hrp/bodyinspace https://www.space.com/25452-zero-gravity-affects-astronauts-hearts.html https://www.space.com/21353-space-radiation-mars-mission-threat.html http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2018/0417-space-grade-electronics.html https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/the-fact-and-fiction-of-martian-dust-storms https://www.space.com/16907-what-is-the-temperature-of-mars.html https://www.wired.com/2010/11/1110mars-climate-observer-report/ http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/space/9909/30/mars.metric.02/ https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-a-spacesuit-k4.html http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/8965.aspx https://www.nasa.gov/feature/the-next-generation-of-suit-technologies http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/150-people-in-astronomy/space-exploration-and-astronauts/general-questions/927-can-artificial-gravity-be-created-in-space-intermediate https://engineering.purdue.edu/~propulsi/propulsion/jets/basics/inlet.html https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/inlet.html *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

This week we’re exploring a field of engineering that is essential to how you’re watching this video: computers and computer engineering. We’ll explain differences between hardware and software, how engineers are working on making computers smaller and more energy efficient, and how computer aided processes such as CAD and CAM make it easier for engineers to design and manufacture parts needed in machines and products. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/ictinindustryrev2.shtml https://www.autodesk.co.uk/solutions/cad-cam *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Engineers are problem solvers, and our own health is full of problems to be engineered. In this episode we discuss drug discovery and drug delivery. We’ll explore everything from classical and reverse pharmacology to the new field of synthetic biology. We’ll also look at how important good disease detection is and why we need more targeted drug delivery systems. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/9129.aspx https://www.nature.com/subjects/drug-discovery https://www.nature.com/subjects/drug-delivery https://www.bio.org/articles/synthetic-biology-explained https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/may/20/craig-venter-synthetic-life-form http://science.sciencemag.org/content/329/5987/52 https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-sequencing-technologies-key-to-the-human-828 http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/interventional-radiology/procedures/chemoembolization/index.html https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3275820/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4884743/ https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/global.html https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4051326/ https://report.nih.gov/nihfactsheets/ViewFactSheet.aspx?csid=62 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1a8d/ea8780d5e2e8ef07ff83aef4cf7579e9dc04.pdf http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-30/local/me-93_1_hot-pepper https://www.med.uio.no/ncmm/english/topics/drug-discovery/ https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/drug-eluting-stent https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2001.00112.x *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

This week we are exploring biodevices and the part they play in the healthcare world. We’ll look at the challenges of implantable biodevices, like biocompatibility, power and connectivity, packaging, structural design, delivery systems, and device management. We’ll also dive into some of the latest research, like smart tattoos, and just what the future of biodevices might hold. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3797898/ https://www.embs.org/about-biomedical-engineering/our-areas-of-research/wearable-implantable-technologies/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2572009/ http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/pacemaker https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/pacemaker/about/pac-20384689 https://batteryuniversity.com/index.php/learn/archive/is_lithium_ion_the_ideal_battery http://pacaero.com/industries/medical/ https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ecc7/9b613e4bb71c6a04f442908ebf9695c10e8f.pdf https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/cochlear-implants https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/09/harvard-researchers-help-develop-smart-tattoos/ https://www.rd.com/health/conditions/smart-tattoo/ http://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/mechman/research/ipm-ktn/pdf/Technology_review/an-introduction-to-mems.pdf https://www.mems-exchange.org/MEMS/applications.html http://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/treatment-of-a-heart-attack/implantable-medical-devices https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/implantable-cardioverter-defibrillators/about/pac-20384692 https://medlineplus.gov/cardiacarrest.html#summary *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Can we change the blueprints of life? This week we are exploring that question with genetic engineering. We’ll discuss how selective breeding can improve agricultural practices, and the potential DNA-level engineering could have on other fields of engineering. We’ll also look at how optogenetics and CRISPR have opened up new ways for genetic engineers to change the DNA inside living cells. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-macaray/the-man-who-saved-a-billi_b_4099523.html?guccounter=1 http://wheatdoctor.org/lodging https://diatoms.org/what-are-diatoms https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49698386_From_diatoms_to_silica-based_biohybrids https://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=918 https://www.vox.com/2018/7/23/17594864/crispr-cas9-gene-editing *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

In this episode, we looked at food engineering. We explored how food’s capacity to spoil makes it a unique challenge from an engineering viewpoint. We saw how many branches of engineering come into play to process ingredients, ensure safety for consumers, and package food, as well as how thermodynamics is involved in the different stages of food production. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV *** RESOURCES: https://food.unl.edu/how-food-spoils http://jfoodprotection.org/doi/pdf/10.4315/0362-028X-53.5.430?code=FOPR-site http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/food_preservation_is_as_old_as_mankind http://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Raisins.html https://www.dairycouncil.co.uk/consumers/industry/what-is-pasteurisation *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

This week we’re going underground to explore geotechnical and seismic engineering. We’ll look at how structures connect to the ground and transmit loads through their foundations, and how those foundations need to provide a high bearing capacity. We’ll see how properties of the soil, like shear strength, affect bearing capacity. We’ll also consider happens when the ground experiences stress from seismic activity and how seismic engineers work to counteract those effects. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV Subscribe to Hot Mess: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsaEBhRsI6tmmz12fkSEYdw *** RESOURCES: https://www.thebalancesmb.com/leaning-tower-pisa-construction-844359 http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/foundations/founbear.htm http://www.geotechnicalinfo.com/bearing_capacity_technical_guidance.html http://civil.utm.my/azril/files/2016/05/2014-August-Chapter-4-Soil-Shear-strength-Revised.pdf http://www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~cnan/Principles%20of%20geotechnical%20engineering%20(Fifth%20Edition,%20Das)/311-363.PDF https://icce-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/viewFile/2059/1731 https://www.soil-net.com/legacy/schools/what_is_soil1.htm https://www.ramjack.com/houston/about-ram-jack/blog/2015/september/the-foundation-of-the-leaning-tower-of-pisa/ https://leaningtowerpisa.com/facts/how/how-pisa-leaning-tower-was-stabilized *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Transportation is a big part of our world and engineers play a big role in making it happen. Today we’ll explore how transportation systems are designed and some things transportation engineers have to take into consideration, like signaling, user behavior, and traffic flow. And, of course, we’ll talk about some of the ways that transportation engineers are trying to improve the systems we already have. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV Check out Origin of Everything: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiB8h9jD2Mlxx96ZFnGDSJw *** RESOURCES: http://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/average-commute-time-by-state.html http://www.railway-technical.com/signalling/infopaper-6-basic-railway.pdf https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/489894/tsgb-2015.pdf https://www.mech.kuleuven.be/cib/verkeer/dwn/H111part3.pdf https://www.networkrail.co.uk/our-railway-upgrade-plan/digital-railway/ *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Engineering helped make this video possible. This week we’ll look at how it’s possible for you to watch this video with the fundamentals of signal processing. We’ll explore things from Morse Code, to problems like bandwidth capacity and noise, to how we arrived at the digital age. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV Check out It’s Okay To Be Smart: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH4BNI0-FOK2dMXoFtViWHw *** RESOURCES: Sources: http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/~giri/pdfs/EE4140/textbook.pdf http://edison.rutgers.edu/transmit.htm https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/telegraph https://www.gaussianwaves.com/2008/04/channel-capacity/ http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~barry/mydocs/CS3282/Notes/DC06_7.pdf http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Telephone.html *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Laura Busby, Zach Van Stanley, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

This week we’re headed out to sea for some marine engineering. How do we design ships to handle aquatic environments? How do we deal with marine life and corrosion and all of the other problems that come with engineering in the ocean? How can large maritime structures be built on land and transferred into water? Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV Subscribe to Eons: https://www.youtube.com/eons *** RESOURCES: http://www.ics-shipping.org/shipping-facts/shipping-and-world-trade http://marinenotes.blogspot.com/2012/06/watertight-doorstests-of-watertight.html https://www.iims.org.uk/introduction-propeller-cavitation/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ON_irzFAU9c https://www.marineinsight.com/tech/understanding-sacrificial-anodes-on-ships/ http://www.harsonic.com/harsonic-boats/hull-fouling-is-highest-for-boats-that-remain-stationary/ https://wyss.harvard.edu/barnacles-and-mussels-wont-stick-to-boats-with-this-fully-slippery-coating/ http://www.olds.com.au/marine/terminology.html https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/15/tech/ocean-cleanup-project/index.html https://products.damen.com/en/ranges/modular-offshore-unit-drydock/modular-offshore-unit-drydock-120120 https://www.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/201626/secret-screws/ http://www.americanhistory.si.edu/subs/anglesdangles/taming.html *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Laura Busby, Zach Van Stanley, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

An essential part of engineering is engineering design. Today we’ll see how design synthesis helps you put together the components of a process and decide what techniques are needed to solve your problem. We’ll explain the need test things on a smaller scale before ramping up to full production, and how to continually incorporate feedback from design flaws to improve your designs. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV Subscribe to Physics Girl: https://www.youtube.com/physicsgirl *** RESOURCES: https://www.linkengineering.org/EngineeringDesign.aspx http://www.acewater.co.jp/en/en_b_so_product.html#01 https://www.aquatech.com/project/largest-power-plant-in-philippines-uses-membrane-desalination-for-purified-water/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Design-of-the-solar-vacuum-membrane-distillation-VMD-desalination-plant-11_fig1_317686589 https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination-plant https://www.con-vergence.com/product/reverse-osmosis-pilot/ *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Laura Busby, Zach Van Stanley, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Hopefully this course has gotten you excited about all the things we can do with engineering. If so, today we’re going to try to help you answer a very important question: how do you become an engineer? What are the steps? What kinds of careers can you pursue? Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV Subscribe to Brain Craft: http://www.youtube.com/braincraft *** RESOURCES: https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/fdscontent/uscompanion/us/static/companion.websites/9780195157826/Chapter_19.pdf *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Laura Busby, Zach Van Stanley, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

In our final episode of Crash Course Engineering we are going to take all the tools and ideas we’ve discussed throughout this series and try to imagine where we’re headed. We’re going to explore some of the biggest problems that today’s engineers are trying to solve and make some guesses about what the future of the field might look like. Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV Subscribe to Space Time: https://www.youtube.com/pbsspacetime *** RESOURCES: http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/ https://www.wired.com/2016/03/inside-cunning-unprecedented-hack-ukraines-power-grid/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866520/ *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Laura Busby, Zach Van Stanley, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids